Illuminated letter - Works on paper

Decorations and motifs: Illuminations were characterised by intricate designs, such as arabesques, interlacing, fantastical animals and floral motifs. The illustrations were often used to accompany religious texts, depicting biblical scenes, saints, apostles and other religious figures.

Ornamented letters: A distinctive feature of illumination is the use of ornamented lettering. The initial letters of chapters or paragraphs were often enlarged and decorated with elaborate motifs and narrative scenes, making the text more visually appealing.

Application techniques: Pigments were applied with care, using techniques such as wash (applying layers of transparent colour), tempera (mixing pigments with water and a binder, often egg yolk) and gilding with gold leaf.

The work of copyists: Illuminators often worked with copyists, who copied the texts by hand. The illuminations were made after the text had been copied, and the copyists left blank spaces for the illustrations and lettering.

Religious and symbolic importance: Illuminations were closely linked to religion and were considered sacred objects. They were used to embellish and enrich religious manuscripts, helping to convey the teachings and stories of the faith.

Conservation and preservation: Illuminations are precious artistic and historical treasures. Because of their fragility, they require delicate conservation and handling to preserve their original state. Medieval illuminations are often preserved in museums and specialist libraries.

Illumination is a complex and meticulous art that has left an important artistic and cultural legacy. Medieval illuminations are valued for their beauty, refinement and contribution to the preservation of medieval knowledge and spirituality. They are also a valuable source of information about the history, society and religion of the period.

Illuminations continue to be studied and admired today, and some medieval illumination techniques and motifs have also influenced contemporary art. Contemporary artists and calligraphers draw inspiration from the aesthetics and craftsmanship of illumination to create original works.

It is also worth mentioning that the term "illumination" is sometimes used more generally to refer to the decoration or ornamentation of texts, manuscripts or other media with elaborate motifs and illustrations. In this sense, it can be applied to work produced in later periods and artistic styles, outside the medieval context.

In short, illumination is an ancient and precious art that combines calligraphy, painting and ornamentation to embellish manuscripts. It bears witness to the artistic skill and religious piety of the medieval period, and continues to fascinate and inspire art lovers the world over.